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431.
Nonstructural Urban Stormwater Quality Measures: Building a Knowledge Base to Improve Their Use 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article summarizes a research project that investigated the use, performance, cost, and evaluation of nonstructural measures
to improve urban stormwater quality. A survey of urban stormwater managers from Australia, New Zealand, and the United States
revealed a widespread trend of increasing use of nonstructural measures among leading stormwater management agencies, with
at least 76% of 41 types of nonstructural measures being found to be increasing in use. Data gathered from the survey, an
international literature review, and a multicriteria analysis highlighted four nonstructural measures of greatest potential
value: mandatory town planning controls that promote the adoption of low-impact development principles and techniques; development
of strategic urban stormwater management plans for a city, shire, or catchment; stormwater management measures and programs
for construction/building sites; and stormwater management activities related to municipal maintenance operations such as
maintenance of the stormwater drainage network and manual litter collections. Knowledge gained on the use and performance
of nonstructural measures from the survey, literature review, and three trial evaluation projects was used to develop tailored
monitoring and evaluation guidelines for these types of measure. These guidelines incorporate a new evaluation framework based
on seven alternative styles of evaluation that range from simply monitoring whether a nonstructural measure has been fully
implemented to monitoring its impact on waterway health. This research helps to build the stormwater management industry’s
knowledge base concerning nonstructural measures and provides a practical tool to address common impediments associated with
monitoring and evaluating the performance and cost of these measures. 相似文献
432.
Toward pristine biomass: reef fish recovery in coral reef marine protected areas in Kenya. 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Tim R McClanahan Nicholas A J Graham Jacqulyn M Calnan M Aaron MacNeil 《Ecological applications》2007,17(4):1055-1067
Identifying the rates of recovery of fish in no-take areas is fundamental to designing protected area networks, managing fisheries, estimating yields, identifying ecological interactions, and informing stakeholders about the outcomes of this management. Here we study the recovery of coral reef fishes through 37 years of protection using a space-for-time chronosequence of four marine national parks in Kenya. Using AIC model selection techniques, we assessed recovery trends using five ecologically meaningful production models: asymptotic, Ricker, logistic, linear, and exponential. There were clear recovery trends with time for species richness, total and size class density, and wet masses at the level of the taxonomic family. Species richness recovered rapidly to an asymptote at 10 years. The two main herbivorous families displayed differing responses to protection, scarids recovering rapidly, but then exhibiting some decline while acanthurids recovered more slowly and steadily throughout the study. Recovery of the two invertebrate-eating groups suggested competitive interactions over resources, with the labrids recovering more rapidly before a decline and the balistids demonstrating a slower logistic recovery. Remaining families displayed differing trends with time, with a general pattern of decline in smaller size classes or small-bodied species after an initial recovery, which suggests that some species- and size-related competitive and predatory control occurs in older closures. There appears to be an ecological succession of dominance with an initial rapid rise in labrids and scarids, followed by a slower rise in balistids and acanthurids, an associated decline in sea urchins, and an ultimate dominance in calcifying algae. Our results indicate that the unfished "equilibrium" biomass of the fish assemblage > 10 cm is 1100-1200 kg/ha, but these small parks (< 10 km2) are likely to underestimate pre-human influence values due to edge effects and the rarity of taxa with large area requirement, such as apex predators, including sharks. 相似文献
433.
Vagisha Pruthi Nimrah Abbasi Varsha Thakur Shiri Shinar Anne O’Connor Rachel Silver Tasha Simpson Tim Van Mieghem 《黑龙江环境通报》2023,43(7):881-888